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Thank you Michael, Ken, and Liam for your fantastic explanations! I have one more question, please. But first, I would like to summarize what I learned: Consider this leaf element, in which "abc" and "def" are separated by a space: <Test>abc def</Test> How many text nodes are within the <Test> element? Answer: 1 The text is: "abc def" Michael Kay said in an earlier post: An element cannot have two adjacent text nodes. Next, suppose that "abc" and "def" are separated by a comment: <Test>abc<!-- blah -->def</Test> Now how many text nodes are within the <Test> element? Answer: 2 text[1] = "abc" and text[2] = "def" Suppose that "abc" and "def" are separated by a CDATA section: <Test>abc<![CDATA[blah]]>def</Test> Now how many text nodes are within the <Test> element? Answer: 1 The CDATA section is removed by the parser, so there is just one text string: abcblahdef Suppose that "abc" and "def" are separated by a PI: <Test>abc<?foo test?>def</Test> Now how many text nodes are within the <Test> element? Answer: 2 The PI is similar to a comment - they both interrupt "abc" and "def" Lastly, how many text nodes are within this <Test> element? <Test>abc&def</Test> Answer: 1 Interesting! So, what is the text? Is it this: abc&def (i.e., the entity is resolved)? No! The text is this: abc&def (the entity is *not* resolved) Huh? Why isn't the entity resolved? Why isn't this the text: abc&def (i.e., the entity is resolved)? /Roger
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