Third Flatiron has just published my short story "The Right Books" in their summer 2014 collection, Master Minds:

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=B00KUXTZ30/ref=nosim/cafeaulaitA
https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/446292

To my knowledge, this is the first piece of fiction based on the Billion Laughs Attack. For that matter, it's the first work of fiction I know of about XML (though that word is never used in the story).

It is not the first work of fiction about bugs and their consequences. That might be Ellen Ullman's novel The Bug, though I wouldn't be surprised if there are earlier examples.