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By definition, there are no namespaces in content, unless that content is of type xs:QName and validated by a W3C XML Schema processor. In untyped documents, content is just a sequence of characters, as far as the XML parser is concerned. Any namespace interpretation given to that content is application semantics, not XML semantics. We've dramatically increased the complexity of the XPath/XSLT/XQuery data model because we want to (1) be able to preserve namespace bindings in case they have application semantics that we are not aware of, even if the namespace bindings have no effect on the interpretation of the XML as a parser sees it, and (2) allow queries and stylesheets to do so without any advance knowledge of the namespace bindings that will need to be preserved. These requirements do exist if you want to be able to query schemas and stylesheets without knowing what is in them. It would be very nice to wish them away... Jonathan
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